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En los últimos años, un número creciente de inversiones industriales inicialmente destinadas a Andalucía está recalibrando su destino hacia Portugal. Factores como los menores costes laborales, incentivos fiscales, y un entorno regulatorio más ágil están haciendo que nuestro país vecino se posicione como un destino más atractivo para implantar nuevas industrias, dejando a España, y especialmente a Andalucía, en una posición vulnerable.

Comparativa: Implantación industrial en España vs. Portugal

A continuación, analizamos las ventajas y desventajas de cada país para implantar una empresa industrial dedicada, por ejemplo, a la fabricación de piezas de plástico, un sector con alta demanda tanto local como internacional.

Ventajas de España:

• Infraestructura industrial desarrollada: España cuenta con parques industriales bien equipados y puertos estratégicos como Algeciras, Barcelona y Valencia, fundamentales para la exportación.
• Mano de obra cualificada: Existe un alto nivel de especialización técnica gracias a universidades y centros de formación.
• Acceso a mercados europeos: Como miembro de la UE, las exportaciones dentro de la zona euro son más fáciles y libres de aranceles.
• Programas de ayudas e incentivos: España ofrece subvenciones para innovación y sostenibilidad, especialmente en sectores industriales estratégicos.
• Consumo interno: Un mercado local considerable en sectores como automoción, construcción y alimentación.

Inconvenientes de España:

• Costes laborales y fiscales: Los salarios y la presión fiscal son más altos que en Portugal, lo que incrementa los costes operativos.
• Coste energético: Las tarifas de electricidad industrial están entre las más elevadas de Europa.
• Exceso de burocracia: La tramitación de permisos y licencias es más lenta y compleja, generando barreras para nuevos proyectos.

Ventajas de Portugal:

• Costes laborales más bajos: Portugal ofrece salarios más competitivos, lo que reduce significativamente los costes de producción.
• Incentivos fiscales y administrativos: El país tiene un sistema más ágil y beneficios fiscales específicos para atraer inversiones extranjeras.
• Energía renovable accesible: La transición energética ha llevado a costes competitivos en algunos sectores.
• Ubicación estratégica: Ideal para exportaciones a mercados emergentes como América Latina y África.

Inconvenientes de Portugal:

• Mercado interno reducido: Con una población y consumo más limitados que España, muchas empresas dependen exclusivamente de la exportación.
• Menor disponibilidad de personal cualificado: Aunque cuenta con personal capacitado, la oferta es más restringida que en España.
• Infraestructura industrial menos desarrollada: La red de parques logísticos no es tan amplia ni tan consolidada como la española.

España vs. Portugal, ¿cuál es mejor?

España es ideal si se busca un mercado amplio, una infraestructura industrial sólida y acceso a personal cualificado. Sin embargo, los costes laborales, energéticos y la burocracia representan desafíos importantes.

Portugal, en cambio, resulta más atractivo para proyectos que prioricen el control de costes operativos, por ello son cada vez más populares las inversiones industriales en Portugal. La facilidad administrativa y los incentivos fiscales, aunque esto implique operar en un mercado interno más reducido y depender mayoritariamente de exportaciones.

La elección final dependerá de las prioridades estratégicas de cada inversión: si se busca control de costes, Portugal ofrece condiciones más ventajosas; si se valora un mercado desarrollado y acceso a talento, España es la opción indicada.

Impacto en Andalucía

La salida de estas inversiones afecta profundamente a Andalucía, que cuenta con un alto potencial industrial y logístico, pero sufre de problemas estructurales como la falta de agilidad administrativa, costes energéticos elevados y retrasos en proyectos críticos.

Esta situación no solo compromete la creación de empleo en la región, sino que también mina su posición como polo estratégico en el sur de Europa.

¿Qué debe cambiar?

Desde Más Industria, hacemos un llamamiento a las autoridades para:

1. Simplificar los trámites administrativos: Reducir la burocracia es clave para agilizar proyectos industriales.
2. Revisar la política fiscal: Establecer incentivos competitivos que igualen o superen los ofrecidos por Portugal.
3. Invertir en infraestructuras: Los proyectos importantes no pueden seguir siendo promesas incumplidas.
4. Reducir los costes energéticos: Promover un sistema energético más competitivo y accesible para las industrias.

Es imprescindible actuar con urgencia para evitar que esta tendencia se consolide. Andalucía tiene los recursos, el talento y la posición estratégica para liderar el desarrollo industrial en Europa. Sin embargo, si no se adoptan medidas concretas, seguiremos viendo cómo otros países capitalizan nuestras debilidades, como es el caso de las migraciones de las inversiones industriales hacia Portugal.

La entrada INVERSIONES INDUSTRIALES QUE MIGRAN DE ANDALUCÍA A PORTUGAL: ¿QUÉ ESTÁ FALLANDO? se publicó primero en Más Industria.

La entrada EXAMPLEARTICLE se publicó primero en Más Industria.

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El reciente anuncio de Maersk de sustituir el puerto de Algeciras por Tánger Med en una de sus principales rutas internacionales ha encendido las alarmas en el sector portuario español. Esta decisión pone de manifiesto un problema estructural que amenaza con debilitar el liderazgo industrial y logístico de España: la combinación de un exceso de regulación y la falta de competitividad frente a países limítrofes.

Redes eléctricas saturadas y costes regulatorios

La desventaja competitiva de Algeciras no radica en su infraestructura o capacidad operativa, sino en un entorno regulatorio que dificulta la operatividad y eleva los costes. La introducción del sistema ETS (Emissions Trading System) por parte de la Unión Europea ha impuesto un coste adicional significativo, que puede superar los 160.000 euros por buque. Este sobrecoste está empujando a las navieras a buscar alternativas más económicas, como Tánger Med, donde la carga regulatoria es considerablemente menor.

La amenaza de Tánger Med: un competidor en auge

Tánger Med, impulsado por Marruecos para competir directamente con Algeciras, ofrece condiciones más atractivas tanto en costos como en agilidad regulatoria. Este puerto, que no está sujeto a las estrictas normativas europeas, ha logrado posicionarse como un destino preferido para navieras globales, erosionando el liderazgo del puerto gaditano.

Políticas ambientales desincentivadoras

Si bien la transición ecológica es imprescindible, las políticas actuales no están acompañadas de mecanismos que equilibren la competitividad industrial. El caso de Algeciras es un ejemplo claro de cómo una normativa bien intencionada puede generar efectos colaterales perjudiciales. Al no contar con excepciones o ajustes para puertos estratégicos como el gaditano, se está facilitando un desplazamiento de la actividad industrial hacia territorios con menores exigencias ambientales.

Consecuencias para la industria española

El cambio de Maersk no es un hecho aislado, sino parte de una tendencia preocupante que afecta a otros sectores industriales en España. La falta de infraestructura adecuada, como la eterna promesa del corredor ferroviario Algeciras-Bobadilla, agrava la situación. Este contexto no solo pone en riesgo miles de empleos, sino también la posición de España como un nodo logístico clave en Europa.

Es urgente que las autoridades reconsideren el marco normativo y adopten medidas que protejan la competitividad de puertos estratégicos como Algeciras. Si no se actúa, seguiremos viendo cómo países como Marruecos capitalizan nuestras debilidades, atrayendo a empresas que huyen de un entorno cada vez más hostil.

Desde Más Industria, hacemos un llamado a la acción para equilibrar las políticas ambientales con las necesidades del sector industrial. Es posible avanzar hacia la sostenibilidad sin comprometer el desarrollo económico de España.

La entrada MAERSK CAMBIA ALGECIRAS POR TÁNGER MED: UNA AMENAZA PARA LA INDUSTRIA PORTUARIA ESPAÑOLA se publicó primero en Más Industria.

El pasado 10 de diciembre, el Consejo de Ministros aprobó el proyecto de Ley de Industria y Autonomía Estratégica, un marco normativo que busca fortalecer la competitividad y resiliencia de la industria española. Este proyecto se alinea con los objetivos europeos de descarbonización, transformación digital y autonomía estratégica, y establece las bases de coordinación entre administraciones públicas para promover un sector industrial moderno y sostenible.

Objetivos principales de la Ley

Esta nueva normativa tiene como metas fundamentales:

1. Incrementar el peso de la industria en la economía y el empleo español.
2. Garantizar la libertad de establecimiento y la unidad de mercado.
3. Promover la seguridad y calidad industriales.
4. Impulsar la autonomía estratégica y el talento industrial.
5. Fomentar la descarbonización y la transformación digital hacia una industria de cero emisiones netas para 2050.

Estructura y Gobernanza

Para asegurar una implementación eficaz, la Ley establece varios instrumentos de gobernanza:

• Estrategia España de la Industria y Autonomía Estratégica, que definirá las directrices básicas de la política industrial.
• Plan Estatal de Industria y Autonomía Estratégica (PIAE), con programas trianuales para mejorar la competitividad, la digitalización y la innovación.
• Creación de nuevos órganos consultivos, como el Consejo Estatal de Política Industrial (CEPI) y el Foro de Alto Nivel de la Industria Española.

Protección especial a la industria intensiva en energía

Uno de los puntos más destacados de esta ley es el reconocimiento de una especial protección a las industrias intensivas en energía, como las que dependen de electricidad o gas. Estas medidas incluyen:

• Apoyo a la descarbonización y transición energética, mediante la obligación de disponer de planes de eficiencia energética y transición ecológica.
• Facilitación de contratos bilaterales y acceso a ayudas públicas.
• Simplificación administrativa para agilizar la inversión industrial.

Nuevas herramientas para grandes proyectos industriales

La Ley introduce herramientas innovadoras para atraer y consolidar grandes proyectos industriales:

• Proyectos Estratégicos para la Recuperación y Transformación Económica (PERTE), que se extenderán más allá del Plan de Recuperación actual.
• Reserva Estratégica de Capacidades Nacionales de Producción Industrial (RECAPI), un fondo para movilizar capacidades productivas en situaciones críticas.

Fomentando un entorno favorable para las pymes

La normativa subraya la importancia de crear un entorno favorable para las pequeñas y medianas empresas (pymes), facilitando su adaptación a los cambios estructurales y potenciando su integración en ecosistemas industriales estratégicos. Además, se prevé la concesión de ayudas sin concurrencia competitiva para proyectos alineados con los objetivos de la Ley.

Infracciones y sanciones

La Ley también regula un régimen de infracciones y sanciones para garantizar el cumplimiento de las normativas industriales:

• Infracciones leves: multas de hasta 60.000€.
• Infracciones graves: multas de hasta 6 millones de euros.
• Infracciones muy graves: multas de hasta 100 millones de euros.

Un paso hacia el futuro industrial de España

Desde Más Industria, celebramos la aprobación de este proyecto de la Ley de Industria y Autonomía Estratégica como un avance significativo para consolidar una industria española más competitiva, resiliente y alineada con los objetivos climáticos y digitales. Seguiremos atentos a su desarrollo y al impacto que estas medidas puedan generar en el tejido productivo de nuestro país.

La entrada NUEVA LEY DE INDUSTRIA Y AUTONOMÍA ESTRATÉGICA: UN PASO CLAVE PARA EL SECTOR INDUSTRIAL ESPAÑOL se publicó primero en Más Industria.

El reciente informe del Consejo General de Economistas pone de manifiesto la preocupante situación de la productividad industrial en Andalucía. De forma general, es preocupante la situación en España y en sus comunidades autónomas, situando a Andalucía entre las regiones con menor rendimiento en términos de productividad laboral. Frente a una Unión Europea que avanza a un ritmo medio anual del 0,8%, España apenas alcanza un crecimiento del 0,4% en la última década, y Andalucía se encuentra entre las comunidades que más necesitan impulsar su eficiencia productiva.

Andalucía: una posición desafiante

Según el informe, mientras comunidades como Madrid, País Vasco y Navarra alcanzan o superan los niveles medios de productividad de la UE, Andalucía, junto con otras regiones como Extremadura y Canarias, muestra registros preocupantemente bajos. Este escenario refuerza la necesidad de estrategias específicas para dinamizar el sector industrial andaluz. Ya que este es considerado uno de los motores clave para elevar los niveles de eficiencia productiva.

El rol del sector industrial

El informe destaca que las actividades industriales son, junto con las financieras, inmobiliarias y de tecnología de la información, las más eficientes en términos de productividad. En este contexto, Andalucía cuenta con un potencial significativo para aprovechar su tejido industrial, siempre que se aborden barreras estructurales como el tamaño reducido de muchas empresas, la necesidad de mayor inversión tecnológica y la mejora de la calidad del empleo.

Factores determinantes y oportunidades

El informe señala varios factores críticos que influyen en los niveles de productividad regionales, entre ellos:

1. Estructura productiva y ocupacional: Andalucía necesita diversificar su estructura productiva, apostando por sectores de alto valor añadido.
2. Esfuerzo tecnológico: Incrementar la inversión en tecnología es crucial para cerrar la brecha con las regiones europeas más avanzadas.
3. Tamaño empresarial: Fomentar la colaboración entre empresas y la integración en redes de valor global puede ayudar a las pymes andaluzas a competir en mercados internacionales.
4. Capital humano: Mejorar la formación y cualificación de la fuerza laboral es indispensable para adaptarse a las demandas de la industria 4.0.

Propuestas para Andalucía

Desde Más Industria, subrayamos la necesidad de implementar medidas concretas para revertir esta situación y potenciar la productividad en Andalucía:

• Incentivos fiscales y financieros para promover la inversión en tecnología y la modernización de infraestructuras industriales.
• Programas de formación especializados, enfocados en tecnologías emergentes y habilidades digitales.
• Fomento de la colaboración público-privada para desarrollar proyectos tractores en sectores estratégicos como el energético, aeroespacial y agroindustrial.
• Refuerzo de la internacionalización, apoyando a las empresas en su acceso a mercados globales y en la creación de redes de valor europeas.

Una visión hacia el futuro

La productividad no es solo una métrica económica, sino un indicador del bienestar y la competitividad de una región. Para Andalucía, mejorar sus niveles de productividad es fundamental para reducir las desigualdades, atraer inversión y garantizar un desarrollo sostenible a largo plazo.

En Más Industria reafirmamos nuestro compromiso con el análisis y la difusión de iniciativas que impulsen el crecimiento económico en nuestra comunidad. Invitamos a nuestros lectores a reflexionar sobre este informe y a colaborar en la construcción de un futuro en la productividad industrial de Andalucía más eficiente y competitivo.

La entrada LA PRODUCTIVIDAD INDUSTRIAL EN ANDALUCÍA: UN RETO CLAVE PARA EL FUTURO se publicó primero en Más Industria.

¿Llegará a buen puerto en esta legislatura?

Aunque la propuesta de esta ley contiene elementos clave para actualizar el marco normativo de la investigación y la innovación en Andalucía, el tiempo juega en su contra. Con una legislatura que avanza rápidamente hacia su final y teniendo en cuenta la complejidad y la lentitud inherentes a la tramitación de una norma de estas características, resulta lógico cuestionarse si llegará a convertirse en una realidad antes de las próximas elecciones.

Además, el proceso requiere la consulta y aprobación de diversos órganos, así como el debate parlamentario, lo que podría extenderse más allá del calendario político actual.

¿Un nuevo impulso o un sumidero de recursos?

Más allá de las dudas sobre su viabilidad temporal, la Ley Activa enfrenta una crítica fundamental: su capacidad real para fomentar una innovación efectiva y cercana al mercado. Si la norma no incluye medidas concretas para potenciar la participación de las pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYMES), podría convertirse en otro sumidero de recursos públicos destinados principalmente a las universidades.

Aunque las universidades son actores esenciales en el sistema de conocimiento, su investigación no siempre está alineada con las necesidades inmediatas del mercado. En cambio, las PYMES, con su enfoque práctico y ágil, son quienes lideran la aplicación de la investigación en proyectos con impacto directo en la economía y la sociedad. Por ello, es imprescindible que la Ley Activa:

1. Aumente la financiación para las PYMES: Proporcionando incentivos específicos y aumentando el porcentaje de financiación para proyectos liderados por pequeñas y medianas empresas.
2. Fomente colaboraciones equilibradas: Diseñando mecanismos que permitan a las PYMES liderar iniciativas de I+D+I en colaboración con universidades y otros agentes del conocimiento.
3. Establezca objetivos medibles: Garantizando que los recursos invertidos se traduzcan en resultados tangibles aplicables al mercado.

Una oportunidad para el desarrollo real

Desde Más Industria, creemos que la Ley Activa tiene el potencial de marcar un antes y un después en el ecosistema de innovación de Andalucía. Sin embargo, para que esto ocurra, es esencial que las PYMES, como motor del desarrollo cercano al mercado, reciban el respaldo necesario para desempeñar un papel protagonista.

Estaremos atentos a la evolución de esta normativa y seguiremos abogando por un modelo de innovación que combine el rigor científico con la aplicabilidad práctica, asegurando que Andalucía avance de manera sostenible y competitiva en el panorama nacional e internacional.

La entrada DUDAS Y RETOS DE LA LEY PARA EL AVANCE DE LA CIENCIA, LA TECNOLOGÍA Y LA INNOVACIÓN EN ANDALUCÍA (LEY ACTIVA) se publicó primero en Más Industria.

Desde Más Industria, destacamos la importancia de este tipo de encuentros, que no solo fortalecen el tejido industrial andaluz, sino que también posicionan a nuestra región como un referente en minería sostenible y transición hacia energías limpias. Estos espacios permiten a empresas, instituciones y profesionales del sector intercambiar conocimientos, explorar soluciones avanzadas y crear alianzas que impulsan la competitividad de la industria en Andalucía.

En esta edición del MMH, los expositores han mostrado las últimas innovaciones en tecnología minera y han compartido prácticas sostenibles que abren nuevas oportunidades de crecimiento en un contexto de cambio climático. Andalucía cuenta con un potencial industrial enorme, y eventos como el MMH 2024 son clave para consolidar su rol en la transición energética y en la construcción de un futuro más sostenible.

Para más información sobre el evento, visita su sitio web oficial: mmhseville.com

La entrada MÁS INDUSTRIA VISITA EL MMH 2024 se publicó primero en Más Industria.